As doctors learn more about our throbbing heads, they are uncovering amazingly effective ways to kill the pain before it starts. For Henry Schipper 49, of
For Schipper the pain is sudden and sharp. The front quarter of my head begins to pound and throb, he says. In extreme cases, he vomits violently every 20 minutes. His senses of smell and hearing become agonizingly acute. All I want to hear is gentle white noise at most and no movement, please. If there's a car alarm that goes off nearby, it's unbearable. It was not that long ago that migraine sufferers like Schipper had no choice but to retreat to their darkened bedroom and wait, often for days, until the agony passed. Doctors could prescribe heavyduty painkillers, but regular use often triggered even more painful episodes Making matters worse, friends and co-workers tended to treat headache sufferers as the punch line of a bad joke, as if they were having headaches on purpose to avoid work or sex or some deeply repressed memory.
That bleak state of affairs is changing rapidly. Now physicians have at their disposal a growing arsenal of headache drugs medications that can stop an accelerating migraine in its tracks, reduce the risk of recurrence or, in some cases, keep one from happening in the first place but scientists are starting to uncover subtle defects in brain chemistry and electrophysiology that lead not just to migraines but to all kinds of headaches. Indeed, many neurologists now believe that most severely disabling headaches are actually migraines in disguise and so are more likely to respond to migraine medications than to standard analgesics such as aspirin, ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
What it all adds up to is a revolutionary view of extreme headaches that treats them as serious, biologically based disorders on a par with epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease. Before, patients got shipped around from doctor to doctor until eventually they wound up at a psychologist, says Dr. Joel Saper, director of the Michigan HeadPain and Neurological Institute in Ann Arbor. Now their headaches are seen as the result of wayward circuits and molecules, not personality disorders.
The revolution in migraines was very much in evidence last week in
Researchers aren't yet sure whether they have identified all the pieces of the puzzle or if they know the order in which those pieces fall. Does it all fit together in a cogent picture? asks Dr. K. Michael Welch, a migraine researcher at the University of Kansas Medical Center in
First, let's define a few terms. Doctors divide headaches into two broad categories: those that are self-contained (primary headaches) and those that result from another illness or accident (secondary headaches). The best treatment for a secondary headache depends on its origin. For example, an antibiotic may be prescribed for a headache caused by a bacterial infection.
The most common type of primary headache is the familiar tension headache, which is usually stress related. (Doctors now label it a tension-type headache to counter the idea that knotted muscles are the principal cause.) In most cases, a couple of aspirin and a good nights sleep are all that's required to get rid of one.
Not so the mercifully uncommon cluster headache, so named because an attack, typically repeats itself, often daily, with each episode lasting anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Cluster headaches usually strike their victims, generally men, at fixed times of the year. The pain is so searing that they are also known as suicide headaches. Immediate treatment with oxygen and migraine drugs given intravenously can sometimes provide relief.
Somewhere between tension and cluster headaches are migraines. Typically, the pain from a migraine is a throbbing one, restricted to one side of the head that gets worse with movement and lasts from four hours to three days. Migraines are usually accompanied by either nausea and vomiting, as they were for TV producer Schipper, or extreme sensitivity to both light and sound. By contrast, patients suffering from tension type headaches may react badly to either light or sound but not both.
It is a mistake, however, to stick too rigidly to these definitions. At one time people thought that migraine was a disorder all its own and that tension-type headache was totally separate, says Dr. Ninan Mathew, director of the Houston Headache Clinic. Now we realize that headaches are not that clear cut. Indeed, Mathew says, nearly any recurring headache that is debilitating enough to keep you away from work or the things you enjoy is probably a migraine.
As far back as the 1600s, the prominent English physician Thomas Willis suggested that headaches are caused by a rapid increase in the flow of blood to the brain. He theorized that the suddenly bulging blood vessels put pressure on nearby nerves and that these in turn trigger the pain. A variation on Willis' idea became the favored explanation for the cause of migraines (An important network of blood vessels at the base of the brain bears Willis'name.)
Two things have occurred in the past couple of decades to alter that view. First, several imaging techniques were developed that allowed doctors to study blood flow in the living brain. Second, scientists learned a great deal more about the nerve endings that are embedded in the dura mater, the fibrous outer covering of the brain. Armed with these tools and that information, researchers concluded that the order of events in a migraine is not as straightforward as they had been taught. The nerve endings in the dura mater appear to act first, releasing proteins that cause the blood vessels to open and prime the nerves to maintain a state of alert. In other words, swollen blood vessels are the result of a growing migraine, not its cause.
Tracing the pathway of the affected nerve endings deeper brain led researchers to the trigeminal nerve, a complex network of nerves fibers that ferries sensory signals from the face, jaws and top of the forehead to the brain. During the course of a migraine, scientists discovered, the trigeminal nerve practically floods the brain with pain signals. The more researchers learn about the trigeminal nerve, the more they believe that it is involved in all types of primary headaches, including tension and cluster headaches. The differences in the headache types seem to stem from what activates the trigeminal nerve and how it responds.
So much is happening all at once during a migraine that it has been hard to pinpoint what sets off the trigeminal nerve. Some scientists are focusing on a wave of electrical activity that spreads across the brain just before a migraine and triggers the aura-the shimmering light show experienced by I in 5 migraine patients. Others wonder whether there is some kind of migraine generator buried deep within the brain stem. Even when researchers think they know the order in which different parts of the brain turn on during an attack, they can't always be sure if one section is initiating an action or anticipating the need to respond.
What seems clear, however, is that the brain of a migraineur (as sufferers are is primed overreact to all sorts of stimuli that most people can easily tolerate. The brain receives input from a wide variety of triggers-stress, hormones, falling barometric pressure, food, drink, sleep disturbances, says Dr. David Buchholz, a neurologist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in
In this view, people who are prone to migraine have a low threshold for activating the trigeminal nerve. Those who suffer only an occasional tension-type headache have a much higher threshold. Persistent treatment of acute attacks and prevention of additional ones may reset the brain I s threshold point at a higher level.
Researchers are exploring the possibility that migraine sufferers are not just hypersensitive to various triggers but that their brains have lost some of their natural ability to suppress pain signals. To find out more, scientists are studying a part of the brain called the periaqueductal gray matter, which, says Dr. Welch in
Each time a migraine occurs, Welch and others have found, the periaqueductal gray matter fills with oxygen, which triggers chemical reactions that deposit iron in that section of the brain. As the n builds up, the brain's ability to block out pain decreases. That may explain why many migraineurs become more sensitive to pain with each episode. If overly sensitive M, nerve cells are the problem, it makes sense to try to calm them down- and that's exactly what the first drug tailored to block an oncoming migraine was designed to do. Approved in the
Sumatriptan's success launched a new class of drugs called triptans that provide most migraineurs substantial relief. Like the painkillers before them, the triptans deliver their best results when taken early in an attack. Unfortunately, their effect is often temporary (drug companies are working on longer-lasting versions). Also, the drugs can trigger certain cardiovascular side effects, which means they should not be used by patients who have an increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Still, triptans have dramatically changed the lives of millions of migraine sufferers and opened up promising areas of research. Scientists have discovered that triptans, besides affecting serotonin path ways, also directly block one of the stimulatory proteins released by the nerve endings in the dura. New compounds that target this protein, dubbed CGRP, are being tested in
Pain relief isn't the only reason to stop a migraine before it goes too far. When the illness goes untreated, there is some evidence of a mechanism in the central nervous system that makes traditional medications less useful, says Dr. Michael Moskowitz, a neurologist at
Ideally, you'd like to prevent a migraine from occurring in the first place. There is a lot you can do to help yourself. Identifying individual triggers-such as chocolate or fluorescent lights-and keeping away from them as much as possible is an obvious first step. You should also avoid relying too heavily on quick fixes.
People with severe migraine headaches can enter a cycle of taking medications on a daily or near daily basis, says Dr. Sonja Potrebic of the
Many migraineurs swear by various nonpharmacological methods of keeping their headaches at bay, such as yoga, meditation and biofeedback. These techniques probably work best for patients whose headaches are triggered by stress or tense facial muscles. One of the surprises of the past couple of years is the effectiveness of botox, which is now being injected into facial muscles to temporarily erase wrinkles. Migraineurs have reported that botox seems to banish their headaches as well. Studies are under way to see if those observations hold up. Lifestyle changes, however, are sometimes not enough to prevent migraines. In such cases, doctors may turn to beta blockers, drugs that were designed to treat high blood pressure. Although these medications open up the blood vessels, which would seem counterproductive if you're trying to prevent a migraine, they also turn out to have a soothing effect on nerve cells.
Similarly, antidepressants have been used to help prevent migraines. If antidepressants were discovered to day and we didn't know they were antidepressants, we'd call them analgesics, says Dr. Seymour Diamond, director of the Diamond Headache Clinic in
As helpful as beta-blockers, anti depressants and even anti-epilepsy drugs may be in preventing some migraines, they don't cure the condition. Eventually scientists hope to discover therapies that address the brain's overly sensitive circuits more directly. For what it's worth, getting older seems to soften the blow. Studies show that migraine attacks peak between the age of 35 and 45 and decline after that.
Meanwhile, it may be a process of trial and error for most migraineurs and their physicians. Chances are, however, that more and more of them will, like Schipper,eventually hit on the combination of medications and lifestyle changes that works for them. In his case, careful attention to his triggers along with judicious use of a powerful painkiller has kept his headaches to a minimum. It's a tricky thing to navigate a migraine, Schipper says. You have to be adept at knowing your own patterns. But it can be done. And sometimes knowing that relief is within reach is half the battle.
HOW WE HURT
The first step in treating a headache is to determine what kind you have
M I G R A I N E
This type lasts from four hours to three days, with pulsing pain on one side of the head, nausea and sensitivity to light and sound
T E N S I O N
Diffuse, viselike pressure throughout the head. Attacks last from 30 minutes to a week
Also known as suicide headaches, these are the most painful kind. They occur in groups-as often as eight times a day-and are experienced as a searing pressure in one eye
O T H E R
Any number of medical conditions, from viral infection to brain tumor, can cause a headache. Treating the disease usually relieves the pain
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